Building on the capability of predecessor company, Süd-Chemie, the Catalysts business unit is a leading global supplier with a long history of innovation and expertise.
Clariant’s Novara site in Italy has, for the last 2 years, undergone a complete restructure to pursue the company’s goals of operational excellence and support some of their key products.
Although the catalyst business is a relatively small part of Clariant’s sales revenue, it’s highly profitable and demonstrates significant growth rates.
As part of the restructure, two new capital investments were planned: a tablet press and coating equipment were to be implemented to increase the overall manufacturing capacity and introduce Industry 4.0 and IoT capabilities.
Attributes such as production output and an isolated processing area led Clariant to select the PREXIMA tablet press: in addition, the Pellegrini pan in GS Coating Equipment offers the best compromise between mixing efficiency and gentle product handling.
Both technologies facilitate the automation of production processes and, at the Novara plant, paved the way for future development opportunities and new commercial scenarios.
Clariant is a leading global and independent manufacturer of high-performance catalysts for use in the chemicals, plastics and oil and gas industries. Customised catalyst solutions for specific requirements can also be developed in collaboration with customers.
Clariant’s innovative catalysts and adsorbents deliver significant and sustainable customer value by driving higher production throughput, lowering energy consumption and reducing hazardous emissions from industrial processes and combustion engines.
FAMAX 200, for example, is a next-generation iron-molybdenum based catalyst for methanol-to-formaldehyde oxidation that is optimised to enhance plant efficiency.
The catalyst’s advanced composition and design achieve higher specific formaldehyde production at lower cooling medium temperatures, thus increasing overall plant economy.
Formulating formalin
Formaldehyde is a colourless poisonous gas that’s used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, histologic fixative and general-purpose chemical reagent in laboratory applications. It’s well known as a preservative in medical facilities, as a sterilizer and is also used to inactivate the virus or bacteria in a vaccine before it’s administered to the patient.
Formaldehyde is readily soluble in water and is commonly distributed as a 37% aqueous solution. Environmentally, formaldehyde may be found in the atmosphere, smoke from fires, automobile exhaust and cigarette smoke, and small amounts are produced during normal metabolic processes in most organisms, including humans.1
On an industrial scale, formaldehyde is generally obtained by the catalytic oxidation of methanol. The most common catalysts are silver metal or a mixture of iron, molybdenum or vanadium oxides.
Commonly, methanol and oxygen react at approximately 250–400 °C in the presence of iron oxide in combination with molybdenum and/or vanadium to produce formaldehyde according to the following chemical equation.2
2 CH3OH + O2 → 2 CH2O + 2 H2O
FAMAX 200 highlights two main benefits: higher formaldehyde yields owing to greater reaction selectivity and improved low-temperature activity, as well as a longer catalyst lifetime owing to operation at lower cooling medium temperatures and improved long-term stability.3
The aim of a recent IMA and Clariant co-operation was to maximise the production output of catalyst tablets (hollow cylinders with different shapes and dimensions: see Figure 1) made from two different FAMAX-based blends with two different lubricants.
The challenge was to obtain a high tablet press output and enhanced tablet characteristics with a dedicated punch shape while minimising powder loss on a double-sided, rotary tablet press.
Figure 1: Catalyst tablets
Material and methods
Two different FAMAX-based blends were tested to ensure they met the required production and tableting needs: Blend A is graphite based whereas Blend B is a stearate-based lubricant.
Before tableting, both mixtures were analysed in terms of technological features (flowability, particle size distribution and water content) to vaguely predict their compression behaviour.
For both powders, tableting was done on a double-sided PREXIMA 800 rotary tablet press (IMA, Italy) equipped with a Euro-B turret hosting 81 stations. One challenge that had to be overcome was the hollow-cylinder shape of the tablet: the punches and the cams had to be adapted to accommodate this particular form.
The lower punch is hollow and hosts an inner stem (fixed to the turret); it moves inside the punch according to the tableting phase. Both punches and cams were therefore designed to ensure the desired tablet shape could be made and to maximise machine performance.
Initial trials had two main objectives: the first was to define the best process parameters to obtain defect-free tablets and the second was to increase the production output as much as possible. In the end, tablets were analysed according to weight, thickness and hardness to ascertain compliance with customer needs.
Results
Both blends were assessed for flowability, particle size distribution and water content. Flowability was measured by calculating the Carr Index (CI) using Equation 1.
The lower the result, the better the ability to flow inside the dies and reduce powder loading issues.
Equation 1: Carr Index (CI) calculation
Mixtures showed excellent flowability (Blend A = 7%, Blend B = 10.5%) with very low water content at 105 °C (both under 0.10%). Particle size distribution was measured with vibrating sieves (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Particle size distribution comparison between Blend A and Blend B
The powders also have a relatively unimodal particle size distribution trend that, with their excellent flowability, suggests good loading ability inside the dies. Therefore, very low water content can forewarn of possible issues, such as lamination. Tableting behaviour was explored in detail (Table I).
For Blend B, different upper punch penetrations and turret speeds were analysed: an upper punch penetration of 2/2.5 mm generated an increase in production output of up to 729,000 tab/h … but product loss increased owing to the special punch shape that was used (test A, B).
Using 2.5/2.5 mm produced the highest yields by maintaining high machine output rate (631,800 tab/h, test C).
Keeping the upper punch penetration constant, Blend A was tested in comparable conditions: lamination appeared at 65 rpm and was eliminated at 50 rpm (486,000 tab/h, test D).
This was attributed to lubricant efficiency: graphite tends to better lubricate each particle, reducing the bonding ability of the final blend. In this context, defects such as lamination tend to appear more frequently; such defects have been mitigated by working on tableting parameters.
Table I: Tableting process parameters used
Paddle profile and speed adjustments enhanced the quality of the final product: a round shape reduced the strain on the rotating rods and the particles, ensuring a smooth flow inside the dies. Confirmed by the Carr Index results, Blend B required a slightly higher speed to guarantee the same tablet weight.
Upper punch penetration was optimised at 2.5/2.5 mm to maximise machine yield without undermining tablet quality: tablet press speed was perfectly adjusted according to lamination phenomena.
The choice of a low compression force ensured both manageable compression and defect-free tablets.
Tablets that were defect-free and easy to handle were obtained by using a low compression force.
Tablets have also been analysed in terms of weight, thickness and hardness variation: weight showed a relative standard deviation of less than 0.5%, confirming strong process robustness.
With thickness values of approximately 4.30 mm, average tablet strength was higher for Blend B (17 N) compared with Blend A (11 N): this was predictable with the issues faced during tableting; graphite provides better lubrication efficiency and minimises the tendency of tablets to laminate.
Conclusions
In the context of the restructuring the Clariant-Novara plant, two new capital investments were implemented. The tablet press, described in the article, facilitates increased manufacturing capacity while also providing the company with state-of-the-art equipment, including Industry 4.0 and IoT capabilities.
The close and successful co-operation between IMA and Clariant has been the key to achieving the target: a high output of high-quality tablets using a PREXIMA 800.
To conclude, adjustments regarding some of the process parameters were required for catalyst compression, such as the correct upper punch:penetration ratio and the appropriate speed and paddle shape; when combined with the proper tablet press speed, this resulted in smooth and repeatable production.
References
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/712.
- G. Reuss, et al., “Formaldehyde,” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2000): doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_619.
- www.clariant.com/en/Solutions/Products/2019/04/15/07/20/FAMAX-200-Series.
Authors
F. Ferrini, C. Funaro, F. Giatti and M. Tassinari, IMA Active
N. Ballarini and A. Cremona, Clariant