Deep learning has the potential to revolutionise a broad range of industries by offering increasingly accurate predictive capabilities with little to no human supervision. These can have a tremendous impact on the manufacturing sector by supporting the application of process analytical technology (PAT) and its concomitant increase in process performance and product quality.
Deep learning is a highly flexible and adaptive artificial intelligence tool that, when exposed to new datasets, can increase its ability to identify patterns and classify relationships between data. This means that the larger the volume of data fed into a deep learning-generated predictive model, the higher the probability that the system will create more accurate and precise forecasts.
Furthermore, the evolution of the model is automatic; that is, no programming or other actions from human operators are required.
These unique capabilities are enabled by artificial neural network (ANN) architectures that mimic the human brain. ANNs are collections of interconnected artificial neurons or nodes that are organised in layers. Each neuron receives an input with data to analyse and automatically performs different computations on it without the need for any rule-based programming. The resulting output is then sent to another node for further processing.
Every time an input is fed to the ANN, the system may notice new correlations between data and implement them into its predictive model. An extremely advanced ANN may even be able to discover interdependencies that are not known to human experts, thus delivering forecasts with unprecedented accuracy.
This has application opportunities in a wide range of industry processes, from drug manufacture to petrochemical processing and food manufacture. For example, an ANN can learn how to extrapolate key information from near-infrared (NIR) spectra on milled flour to predict the physicochemical properties that define quality in this product — such as Zeleny sedimentation, moisture and protein content.
Although we can’t know for sure how the ANN will process this data and deliver a certain prediction, we can suppose that when the first set of data is presented, some nodes within the network may look at the relationship between NIR spectra and moisture content.
Other neurons may assess how Zeleny sedimentation is connected to specific NIR wavelengths and intensities. On another layer, nodes may combine the previous information until a comprehensive predictive model is generated.
When another set of data is presented, some ANN nodes may be able to learn that there is a correlation between NIR data and protein content values, and another layer may be able to implement this newly acquired knowledge into the predictive model, thus improving its accuracy and precision.
Deep learning and PAT share the same mission
This example clearly shows how deep learning’s abilities make the technology a potentially powerful ally for manufacturing industries that adopted Quality by Design (QbD) strategies and PAT. These two operational process methodologies rely heavily on in-depth process understanding to maximise the efficiency of the overall production process.
In fact, knowing how critical process parameters (CPPs) affect a product’s critical quality attributes (CQAs) is essential to control the different processes in real-time and obtain products that meet elevated quality standards.
The relationships between CPPs and CQAs are assessed by means of multivariate analysis (MVA) and chemometrics; that is, by using mathematical and statistical procedures to extract relevant information from the inline PAT-led measurements on the product’s chemical and physical make-up.
When deep learning is applied to PAT, it’s not only possible to simplify the creation of a predictive algorithm, as no coding is required, but the resulting model could also improve as manufacturing facilities develop more and more products.
As larger volumes of process and quality data are generated, the system can use them to determine additional, less obvious connections between data. As a result, industries can build a future-proof processing unit that continuously upgrades process efficiency and product quality without the need to reprogramme the modelling algorithm.
A growing trend
This opportunity has not gone unnoticed among chemometricians and processing experts. In fact, the number of studies on deep learning modelling approaches in chemical processing and bioprocessing has grown steadily during the last 20 years.1
For example, the number of scientific articles available when searching for “chemometrics deep learning” has expanded from only 27 in 1999 to more than 1000 printed in 2018.2
More importantly, these research projects confirm the feasibility of deep learning for quality prediction and show its possible impact on PAT-led process control and manufacturing. As the visibility of this approach increases and matures, deep learning-powered PAT-led manufacturing may develop into a de facto standard for many batch and continuous process industries.
Process orchestrators to stay in control
As this technology becomes established, PAT knowledge management platforms take on a more important role. As larger volumes of data are being generated and ANNs analyse them without offering any insight into their prediction generation process, it is important for manufacturers to have a clear overview of what is happening on the factory floor, what the real-time multi- and univariate data looks like and how the ANN models are evolving.
Therefore, by implementing a PAT knowledge manager, it’s possible to monitor and respond quickly to the presence of anomalies or when the predictive model is ceasing to represent the input data (when ANNs have identified correlations that are not relevant or unrealistic).
One of the most advanced PAT knowledge management platforms on the market is Optimal’s synTQ, its efficacy having been proven worldwide by several of the world’s largest pharmaceutical and life-science organisations. By choosing a software solution such as this, manufacturers can rely on a platform that is able to interact with cutting-edge technologies and methods, such as deep learning, as soon as they are available.
In addition, synTQ offers a robust and user-friendly interface to keep both product development and scale-up production organised at all times. In this way, manufacturers can remain in control as they improve plant efficiency, product quality and consistency.
As deep learning applications gain popularity in quality prediction, offering a unique tool to boost competitiveness, PAT knowledge management software products such as synTQ can provide the key to successfully implementing these strategies and driving productivity.
References
- www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/article/79130/machine-learning-bioprocessing/2.
- http://tiny.cc/hi2jez.
